什么是鸳鸯交首栱？南禅寺实例讲解，建筑考研、古建园林知识分享
"<article class=""syl-article-base tt-article-content syl-page-article syl-device-pc""><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""1""><strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">鸳鸯交首栱</span></strong></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f06b8f0b504f41168d30e2ea3331b0eb~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=O%2FovMJFnUJ7txQq2ppncIiAQoXc%3D"" img_width=""1216"" img_height=""740"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/jpeg"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f06b8f0b504f41168d30e2ea3331b0eb"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p data-track=""2""><strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图斗栱模型为晚峰书屋斗拱 ，红色部分为鸳鸯交首栱）</span></strong></p><p data-track=""3""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">鸳鸯交首栱，又称鸳鸯交手栱，结构上又称“连栱交隐”，为宋式建筑大木作斗栱构件。上图为山西五台南禅寺唐代大殿鸳鸯交首栱模型，在结构上属于转角铺作，斗栱中补间斗拱与转角的栱头连在一起，由于空间距离太过狭窄，在两栱头相交处隐刻出叠加的栱头，两栱头共同支顶一个散斗，因此形象地称之为“鸳鸯交手栱”，鸳鸯交手栱这种做法属转角特殊做法，柱头铺作无此构件。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a087f60bb0645db897f4204c6bd5d46~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=tNM1uW0D2jxhY%2BEEci2y%2FvVdU3k%3D"" img_width=""855"" img_height=""639"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/jpeg"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a087f60bb0645db897f4204c6bd5d46"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p data-track=""4""><strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图为五台南禅寺唐代大殿转角斗栱照片，取自晚峰书屋 ）</span></strong></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""5""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">汉代至魏晋时期，在木结构建筑转角节点中，如何合理解决斗栱构件多方向连接，一直是一个没有彻底解决的结构技术难题，如果栱与栱之间的距离过近，就需要处理好相邻栱头的节点交接关系，鸳鸯交首栱的出现成功地解决了转角结构技术难题。</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""6""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">鸳鸯交首栱的最早实例见于唐代南禅寺大殿，同期或稍后的早期建筑实例的转角铺作中几乎都有鸳鸯交手栱。经过宋、金、元时期，鸳鸯交首栱的使用更加成熟和普遍。流传于明清时期仍在使用，但其形制和结构发生了一些变化。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/53a2353dec534e20baf8a32b0cf78215~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=yMGLKSq7VoUzvV%2BlGRFYK3QLTyU%3D"" img_width=""542"" img_height=""763"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/jpeg"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/53a2353dec534e20baf8a32b0cf78215"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""7""><strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">《营造法式》卷四·大木作制度有关鸳鸯交首栱制度翻译：</span></strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;""><br>“凡栱至角相连长两跳者，则当心施枓，枓底两面相交，隐出栱头，谓之鸳鸯交手栱”。“凡转角铺作须与补间铺作勿令相犯，或梢间近者，须连栱交隐。”</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""8""><strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">白话文翻译</span></strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">：凡令栱安设至转角处，长两跳相连的栱形构件，则隐刻两栱头，栱头中心位置施散斗，散斗底下两栱头相交，隐刻出栱头，称之为鸳鸯交手栱。凡转角铺设制作斗栱构件时，必须考虑不与补间铺作的构件相冲突。如果梢间至转角之间的构件相距太近的，必须进行连栱交隐做法。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8c0469ef6ded473cbc583c8f9cfa1a8a~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=fjUqtdrXxr8xTXHYcHI38IIJBS4%3D"" img_width=""1033"" img_height=""697"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/png"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8c0469ef6ded473cbc583c8f9cfa1a8a"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""9""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图为五台南禅寺唐代大殿 ）</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""10""><strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">五台南禅寺转角斗栱实例中的鸳鸯交首栱结构关系解读：</span></strong></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""11""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">大殿转角斗栱在结构关系上非常复杂，首先在柱头上安大斗，大斗上正面和山面各出华栱两跳，《营造法式》记载：“凡栱至角相交出跳，则谓之列栱”，这就是泥道栱和华栱出跳相列的做法，其实相当于柱头正侧两个方向的泥道栱互相垂直相交，柱中线正面和山面的外转栱头形成华栱形象。斗栱后尾：第一跳为泥道栱，第二跳为四椽栿隐刻成泥道慢栱。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6c86f5942b2d4b1e9ab2c2834d2cde50~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=pQRMrroQuOIezpsTRPwXro0Obv8%3D"" img_width=""1228"" img_height=""620"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/jpeg"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6c86f5942b2d4b1e9ab2c2834d2cde50"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""12""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图：南禅寺大殿转角斗栱正立面图 ）</span></p><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""13""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">柱中心分位线上二跳华栱上设交互斗，出耍头，与令栱（鸳鸯交首栱）垂直相交，耍头平出，做成批竹昂式。二跳跳头正面和山面的令栱都加长制成鸳鸯交首栱，十字相交伸出，栱上方安置散斗承托替木和撩檐槫。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1136b4ee628c4631af5565048d9bce0f~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=Ip8Ae3fP0oqgvFZGUPgYTM8JgCk%3D"" img_width=""903"" img_height=""762"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/jpeg"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1136b4ee628c4631af5565048d9bce0f"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""14""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图：南禅寺大殿转角斗栱仰视平面图 ）</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""15""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">转角结构比较复杂，45度角线上斜出角华栱两跳，二跳华栱上置平盘斗，平盘斗上承托有三组构件， 即45度角线上斜出的耍头和正面、侧面的鸳鸯交首栱头互相以榫卯方式交合在一起，两侧的鸳鸯交首栱采用相交、相列、相连的榫卯方式进行铰接，一身兼有令栱、列栱和鸳鸯交首栱的三重身份。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2395f7c49daf49e09cd817ed2129aacf~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=cqocgrXgRsIgNUJfVGBfCu3Zmcc%3D"" img_width=""1080"" img_height=""737"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/png"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2395f7c49daf49e09cd817ed2129aacf"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""16""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图为晚峰南禅寺大殿转角斗栱模型 ）</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""17""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">转角斗栱最外跳组合的节点上方，纵横相交的鸳鸯交首栱上方，置散斗承托替木和撩檐槫，巨大的屋檐翼角载荷通过平盘斗、华栱传递到角柱。大殿的斗栱结构反映了唐代工匠大木作的高超技巧，在结构力学方面具有非常合理的科学性。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/18abe457a82c4695ba7f24aa13fdfaad~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=ImimACh9pDrZOPcQKqNXB7oCMBQ%3D"" img_width=""735"" img_height=""523"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/png"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/18abe457a82c4695ba7f24aa13fdfaad"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p style=""text-align:left;"" data-track=""18"" class=""syl-page-br syl-page-br-hide""><br></p><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""19""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图：南禅寺大殿转角斗栱大样图 ）</span></p><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""20""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">此殿斗栱上各个栱头的卷刹，皆为五瓣，每瓣都微向内䫜，䫜深约0.3厘米。栱瓣内䫜的做法，在天龙山、响堂山等南北朝时期的石刻窟檐中尚有例证，山西寿阳北齐墓木椁中残留的个别斗栱上也可见到。在现存的木构建筑中，南禅寺大殿栱瓣均为五瓣的做法已成孤例，在中国建筑史具有重要学术价值。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/daf8c0396c254c359ed836ef2e012193~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=5krUi2EYp9IxWp%2FdnwqA9VuhsAM%3D"" img_width=""1080"" img_height=""669"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/png"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/daf8c0396c254c359ed836ef2e012193"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p data-track=""21"" class=""syl-page-br syl-page-br-hide""><br></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b91f11d718db4ae1a5646f7692ad7c06~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=SmD9s41BkPTU8%2BGtcy03QrlooWk%3D"" img_width=""1080"" img_height=""642"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/png"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b91f11d718db4ae1a5646f7692ad7c06"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""22""><strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">晚峰书屋</span></strong><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">的斗栱模型制作十分精美，构件榫卯完全按照南禅寺大殿实例制作，安装时有图纸提示，简便易学，通过组装模型与实例对比学习，可以很快掌握古建筑斗栱的结构密码。</span></p><div class=""pgc-img""><img src=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/53fe99be712c490e84d0b7b928e9880e~noop.image?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=xpF0xTGq3UUSCIBLZkbawCN2VD0%3D"" img_width=""1080"" img_height=""776"" image_type=""1"" mime_type=""image/png"" web_uri=""tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/53fe99be712c490e84d0b7b928e9880e"" class=""syl-page-img"" style=""height: auto;""><p class=""pgc-img-caption""></p></div><p data-track=""23""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">（上图：晚峰南禅寺大殿转角斗栱模型和安装分解图）</span></p><p style=""text-align: center;"" data-track=""24""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">本课重点：</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""25""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">1、鸳鸯交手栱名词解释</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""26""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">2、鸳鸯交手栱结构特点</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""27""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">3、鸳鸯交手栱和列栱的关系</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""28""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">4、宋《营造法式》鸳鸯交手栱制度翻译</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""29""><span style=""color: #000000; --tt-darkmode-color: #A3A3A3;"">5、五台南禅寺转角鸳鸯交手栱实例做法</span></p><p style=""text-align: left;"" data-track=""31""><span style=""letter-spacing: 1px;""><strong><span style=""color: #D92142; --tt-darkmode-color: #D92142;"">南禅寺柱头斗拱视频拍摄讲解视频</span></strong></span></p><p></p><div class=""tt-video-box xgplayer_autohide xgplayer xgplayer-inactive xgplayer-pc xgplayer-nostart"" tt-videoid=""v03004g10000ce7ghmbc77u6r45mp9jg"" tt-poster=""https://p3-sign.toutiaoimg.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae9ef9e4a53b13837b048083ca6f830d?_iz=58558&from=article.pc_detail&x-expires=1671089863&x-signature=lWcHy%2BYca%2FUPx9rpIMRFEJn5XEM%3D"" tabindex=""0"" style=""max-width: 100%; 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<xg-left-grid class=""xg-left-grid"">
<xg-icon class=""xgplayer-play"" aria-labelledby=""xg-play_tips"" tabindex=""0"" role=""button"" data-index=""0"" data-state=""pause"">
<div class=""xgplayer-icon"">
<button type=""button"" class=""xg-icon-play""></button><button type=""button"" class=""xg-icon-pause""></button></div>
<div class=""xg-tips"" id=""xg-play_tips"" lang-key=""play_tips"">播放</div>
</xg-icon><xg-icon class=""xgplayer-time"" data-index=""2"">
<span class=""time-current"" role=""text"">00:00</span>
<span class=""time-separator"">/</span>
<span class=""time-duration"" role=""text"">00:00</span>
<span class=""time-live-tag"" role=""text"">正在直播</span>
</xg-icon></xg-left-grid>
<xg-center-grid class=""xg-center-grid"">
<xg-progress class=""xgplayer-progress "" data-xg-target-type=""progress"" role=""slider"" tabindex=""0"" aria-label=""播放进度条"" aria-valuemin=""0"" aria-valuemax=""0"" data-index=""0"">
<input class=""xg-input-progress"" style=""z-index:-1;opacity:0;"" type=""range"" value=""0"" aria-label=""播放进度条"" tabindex=""0"" aria-valuemin=""0"" aria-valuemax=""0"">
<xg-outer class=""xgplayer-progress-outer"">
<xg-inners class=""progress-list""><xg-inner class="" xgplayer-progress-inner"" style=""flex: 1""><xg-cache class=""xgplayer-progress-cache"" style=""background: ; width:0;""></xg-cache><xg-played class=""xgplayer-progress-played"" style=""background: ; width:0;""></xg-played></xg-inner></xg-inners><xg-progress-btn class=""xgplayer-progress-btn"" style=""box-shadow: none; background: none;""></xg-progress-btn>
</xg-outer><div class=""xg-spot-info short-line no-thumbnail"" data-index=""1"">
<div class=""xg-spot-content"">
<div class=""xg-spot-thumbnail"">
<span class=""xg-spot-time""></span>
</div>
<div class=""xg-spot-text""><span class=""spot-inner-text""></span></div>
</div>
<div class=""xgplayer-progress-point"">00:00</div>
<div class=""xg-spot-line""></div>
</div>
</xg-progress>
</xg-center-grid>
<xg-right-grid class=""xg-right-grid"">
<xg-icon class=""xgplayer-fullscreen"" aria-label=""进入全屏"" tabindex=""0"" role=""button"" data-index=""0"">
<div class=""xgplayer-icon"">
<button type=""button"" class=""xg-get-fullscreen""></button><button type=""button"" class=""xg-exit-fullscreen""><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></button></div>
<div class=""xg-tips"" lang-key=""fullscreen_tips"">进入全屏</div>
</xg-icon>
<xg-icon class=""xgplayer-volume"" data-state=""normal"" aria-label=""静音"" tabindex=""0"" role=""button"" data-index=""1"">
<div class=""xgplayer-icon"">
<button type=""button"" class=""xg-volume-small""><i></i><i></i></button><button type=""button"" class=""xg-volume""><i></i><i></i></button><button type=""button"" class=""xg-volume-mute""><i></i><i></i></button></div>
<xg-slider class=""xgplayer-slider"" tabindex=""1"" role=""slider"" aria-valuemin=""0"" aria-valuemax=""100"" aria-valuenow=""50"" aria-valuetext=""50% 音量 "">
<div class=""xgplayer-value-label"">50</div>
<div class=""xgplayer-bar"">
<xg-drag class=""xgplayer-drag"" style=""height: 50%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);""></xg-drag>
</div>
</xg-slider>
</xg-icon><xg-icon class=""xg-options-icon xgplayer-definition"" data-index=""3"">
<div class=""xgplayer-icon btn-text"" aria-hidden=""true"" aria-haspopup=""true"" aria-expanded=""false"" aria-label=""清晰度"" tabindex=""0"" role=""button"">
<span class=""icon-text""></span>
</div>
</xg-icon><xg-icon class=""xg-options-icon xgplayer-playbackrate"" data-index=""4"">
<div class=""xgplayer-icon btn-text"" aria-hidden=""true"" aria-haspopup=""true"" aria-expanded=""false"" aria-label=""倍速"" tabindex=""0"" role=""button"">
<span class=""icon-text""></span>
</div>
<ul class=""xg-options-list "" role=""menu""></ul></xg-icon><xg-icon class=""xgplayer-pip"" aria-label=""画中画"" tabindex=""0"" role=""button"" data-index=""6"">
<div class=""xgplayer-icon xg-icon-disable"">
</div>
<div class=""xg-tips"" lang-key=""pip"">画中画</div>
</xg-icon></xg-right-grid>
</xg-inner-controls>
</xg-controls>
<xg-mini-layer class=""xg-mini-layer"" data-index=""10"">
<xg-mini-header class=""xgplayer-mini-header"">
<div lang-key=""mini_drag"">点击按住可拖动视频</div>
</xg-mini-header>
<div class=""mini-cancel-btn"" aria-label=""退出"" tabindex=""0"" role=""button"">
<svg xmlns=""http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"" width=""20"" height=""20"" viewBox=""0 0 20 20"">
<path fill=""#fff"" fill-rule=""evenodd"" d=""M3.99 3.49a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L10 8.085l4.596-4.595a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L11.414 9.5l4.596 4.596a1 1 0 0 1 .084 1.32l-.084.094a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10 10.914 5.404 15.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L8.585 9.5 3.99 4.904a1 1 0 0 1-.084-1.32z""></path>
</svg>
</div>
<div class=""play-icon"">
<button type=""button"" class=""xg-icon-play""></button><button type=""button"" class=""xg-icon-pause""></button></div>
</xg-mini-layer></div><p></p></article><br>最后别忘了到沪学网下载免费课程！"
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