英语：短文写作(大作文)--提纲作文
提纲作文1． 写作攻略
提纲式作文中，为考生提供了题目和一个简单的写作提纲，从而将考生的写作控制在一定范围内。这类作文只要考查的内容一般包括：说明主题、分析原因或解释做法。作文题目中会提供：（1）标题；（2）提纲；（3）起始句。标题限定短文的基本发展方向，提纲规定短文的基本框架，起始句则提供短文的起点。考生应紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般也为三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文将简单的提纲展为主题句，再按照主题句作文的写作方法将文章写成。
写提纲作文时的具体步骤：
（1）认真研究所给提纲
考生要仔细领会提纲的含义，不能遗漏提纲要点，更不能错误理解提纲的意思。
（2）确定各段的主题句
考生应根据所给提纲写出各段的主题句，合格的主题句应具备以下要点：
☆ 意义完整
主题句结构要完整，即结构符合语法规则；意义要完整，即主题句是一个符合逻辑的完整句子。
☆ 表意清晰
主题句要清晰明确，不能使用意思含混的词语或句子。
☆ 内容具体
主题句的内容要明确具体，利于段落的展开。
☆ 用词贴切
主题句一定要用词准确，简明达意，为段落的拓展打好基础。
（3）逐步展开段落
段落写作应围绕自己列好的主题句进行，在写作过程中可稍加调整。
（4）检查与修改
检查考题所给提纲是否完整且准确地被表达于文章之中，如有偏差，应做出相应的修改。
2． 必背模版句型
It is often said that...
我们经常这么说……
It goes without saying that...
毫无疑问……
It can be easily proved that...
……很容易被证明。
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is...
与以上一点同样重要的是……
I am of the opinion that...
我支持……
The chief reason why ...is that ...
之所以……的主要原因是……
To take...for an example (instance) ...
把……作为一个例子
According to a latest study, it can be predicted...
最近的研究预测……
Another special consideration in this case is that ...
关于这件事还有一点值得考虑，那就是……
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to...
这也许对，但关于……我们仍然有一个问题。
Besides, we should not neglect that...
另外，我们不应该忽视……
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information...
因此，这些发现揭示了以下信息……
On account of this we can find that ...
据此我们可以发现……
Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.
尽管A很优秀，但它也有自身的缺陷。
Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned...
在所有可信赖的理由中，有一个值得一提……
Currently there is a widespread concern that...
目前，对于……普遍关注。
There is no immediate solution to the problem of ..., but ...might be helpful.
关于解决……没有快速的办法，但……可能会有作用。
All available evidence points to the fact that...
所有的证据证明……
No one can deny the fact that...
没人能否定……这个事实。
Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that...
考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以做出这样的结论……
3． 必背经典范文
Directions:
Write an article on Changes on State-owned Houses and Private Houses of China. In your article you should
(1) the present situation
(2) the possible causes
(3) its impact
Ownership of Houses in Beijing
Ownership of houses in Beijing has significantly changed in recent years. In 1990, 75 percent of the houses were stateowned. But in 1995, the ratio of state-owned houses to private ones was 60 to 40. And the ownership changed dramatically since 1995 and by the end of the century, 80 percent of houses were private.
There might have been two main reasons. One of the reasons was the policy of the government. In the 1990s, China carried on with its reform policy and the government called for privatization of the sate-owned estate. But it took time for the reform to come into effect. But from 1995 on when people have recognized its significance, the reformation took bigger steps. Another reason was that the people were getting better off and they could afford buying their own houses.
Such changes have had great impact on individuals as well as the society. On one hand, the individuals must save money to buy an apartment or to pay the mortgage. On the other hand, a heaven burden has been taken off the government so that it can take more effective measures to improve peoples life.
题目：就中国公房和私房的变化写一篇短文。你的短文应该包括：
（1） 目前的现状
（2） 可能产生的原因
（3） 相关影响
译文
北京房屋所有权
最近几年，北京房屋的所有权发生了很大的变化。1990年，75％的房屋都是公房。到了1995年，这一数字就变成了60％。自1995年起，所有权发生了很大的变化，到本世纪末私房数量已经达到80％。
可能的原因有两个。其中一个原因是政府的政策。90年代，中国开始了改革政策，政府呼吁房产私有化。但改革需要时间才能显现成果。到1995年人们意识到这一政策的意义，改革的作用向前迈了一步。另一个原因是人们的生活越来越好有能力购房。
这样的变化对国家和个人都有很大的影响。一方面，个人必须存钱或贷款买房。另一方面，政府的压力减轻后可以实施更好的措施来改善人们的生活。
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