四、大纲样题
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］What to do as a student?
［B］Various definitions of plagiarism
［C］Ideas should always be sourced.
［D］Ignorance can be forgiven.
［E］Plagiarism is equivalent to theft.
［F］The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person.s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography--are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
[试题分析]
首先，通读全文，了解大意。这篇文章是关于抄袭的，介绍了抄袭的形式，以及如何合理引用、避免抄袭的建议。
然后，再具体看每段文章各自说明的重点。文章第1段是解释抄袭是怎么回事。第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案，“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的结果，而在6个选项中， F项中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄袭的后果)刚好与penalties相对应。第３段又说到，学生们应该避免抄袭，而造成抄袭又可以分为3种情况：偶然、无知和故意。这段主要将抄袭限制在学生身上，选项中Ａ提到了学生，与这段内容一致。接下来的三段是对学生三种抄袭情况的进一步说明。第４段是关于偶然因疏忽抄袭的，提到原因是不知道出处，并且提到这种抄袭是最不恶劣的，选项Ｃ是说出处问题，Ｄ是说这种忽视可以谅解，是关于惩罚的，似乎两个选项都有关系。再看第５段，强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源，如果没有标注，免不了要受到抨击。因此选项Ｃ最能体现这一点，最为切合。那么利用排除法，４３题选A。再看43题所处段落中说，这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种，是可以饶恕的，所以D选项最贴切。
[答案］41.F 42.A 43.D 44.C 45